Determination of dietary phosphorus requirement of stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis based on feed conversion,growth, vertebrae phosphorus,whole body phosphorus,haematology and antioxidant status

A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary phosphorus requirement of Heteropneustes fossilis fingerlings (7.7 ± 0.04 g). Fish were fed casein–gelatine‐based purified diets in triplicate groups near satiation with seven different levels of dietary phosphorus (3.2, 5.2, 7.2, 9.2, 11.2, 13.2 and 15.2 g/kg dry diet). All diets were formulated to be isoproteic (400 g/kg) and isoenergetic (17.89 kJ/g). Highest absolute weight gain (68.38 g/fish), best feed conversion ratio (1.48), protein retention efficiency (30.74%), protein gain (12.44 g/fish), haemoglobin (11.19 g/dL), RBCs (3.12 x10⁶/mm³), haematocrit (33.44%) and serum phosphate (2.82 mg/L) were found at 9.2 g/kg phosphorus. Hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activity were also significantly influenced by the dietary phosphorus levels. Whole body and vertebrae phosphorus concentrations increased significantly as the amount of dietary phosphorus increased from 3.2 to 11.2 g/kg dry diet and then plateaued. More accurate information on dietary phosphorus requirement was obtained by subjecting the AWG, FCR, vertebrae phosphorus and whole body phosphorus concentrations data against various levels of dietary phosphorus to broken‐line analysis, which yielded the requirement in the range of 9.0–11.0 g/kg for optimum growth and mineralization of H. fossilis.     

陕西关中地区生态需水量的初步估算

生态需水量的计算是水资源优化配置的前提和基础。通过分析生态需水的概念和分类,将陕西关中地区的生态需水划分为3类:河道外的生态需水、河道内的生态需水和城市生态需水。详细界定了3种生态需水的内涵和计算方法。植被生态需水量的计算采用直接计算法,即各种植被面积和植被蒸散发量的乘积求和;人工水域生态需水量的计算采用多年平均蒸发量与降水量的差值乘以水域面积;河流基本生态基流量以早期未遭到人类破坏的河流(渭河1963-1983年)最小月平均实测径流量的多年平均值作为基准;河流输沙需水量以多年平均输沙量与多年最大月平均含沙量的平均值的比值来计算。结合现有的数据,对关中地区的生态需水量进行了估算,现状水平年(2005年)生态需水量是45.73×108m3。由于生态需水是一定经济技术条件下的产物,可以根据现状水平年生态需水量来计算其他年份的生态需水量。     

马铃薯的养分需求

在综合了大量国内外关于马铃薯植株需肥研究资料的基础上,运用Excel进行统计分析生产1 000 kg马铃薯块茎的植株需肥量及影响其需肥的因素。结果表明,概率较高的1 000 kg马铃薯需N、P2O5、K2O的区间分别是3.0～4.0 kg,1.00～1.50 kg,4.0～6.0 kg。影响马铃薯养分需求量的因素有土壤有机质含量、土壤pH值、年份、产量等。明确单位产量的马铃薯需肥量及其影响因素,以期对我国的马铃薯测土配方施肥提供依据,对马铃薯因环境条件的差异而确定施肥量提供有益的信息。     

改变日粮蛋白质和赖氨酸含量对奶牛产奶性能和氮利用及代谢激素的影响

为观察不同日粮蛋白质(CP)和赖氨酸(Lys)含量对奶牛产奶性能、氮利用和血液代谢激素的影响,试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,选择4头经产中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机接受4种日粮处理:12.5%CP和0.44%Lys的Et粮1;12.6%CP和0.58%Lys的日粮2;14.1%cP和0.45%Lys的日粮3;14.1%CP和0.60%Lys的日粮4.试验分为4期,每期18 d.第1天至第14天为适应期,第15天至第18天为收集期.结果表明:日粮4和日粮2的产奶最显著高于日粮3和日粮1(P<0.05).乳蛋白率也略高于日粮3和日粮1(P>0.05);日粮4和日粮2的氮利用率和奶氮排出量明显高于日粮3和日粮1(P<0.05):日粮4和日粮2的尿素氮(SUN)浓度明显低于日粮3和日粮1(P<0.05);日粮4和日粮2的胰岛素和催乳素浓度明显高于日粮3和日粮1(P<0.05).赖氨酸含量相同时,日粮CP含量为14.1%或12.6%,奶牛产奶性能不受影响,乳氮产量增加,氮利用率提高;当奶牛日粮赖氨酸含量从0.60%降到0.45%,尽管蛋白质含量相同,但奶牛产奶量下降,乳蛋白略呈下降趋势,乳氮产量降低,氮利用率降低.     

宁夏马铃薯需水量的时空特征分析

[目的]探讨宁夏马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum）需水量的时空特征。[方法]采用联合国粮农组织（FAO）推荐的Penman-Monteith公式,计算宁夏1981~2007年21个站点参考作物蒸散量,进而得到西吉、同心等典型站点的马铃薯全生育期内的需水量,统计分析其时空变化特征和生育期需水量的变化规律。最后,分析了气候变化背景下宁夏马铃薯需水量变化状况。[结果]马铃薯需水量高值区对应宁夏的中部干旱地区;宁夏马铃薯需水量在近27年内呈现上升的趋势,并且南部山区上升趋势明显大于中部地区;从播种-分枝期,马铃薯日需水量逐渐增大,花序-盛花期这一作物生长旺盛阶段为需水高峰期,块茎成熟-收获期日需水量迅速下降。此外,分析表明,缺水幅度将进一步加大,未来马铃薯生长将要面临更加严峻的水分问题。[结论]该研究可以为宁夏的实际灌溉、水资源合理利用和农田水利工程规划等农业生产工作提供科学依据。     

A study on dietary l‐lysine requirement of juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine lysine requirement of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) by feeding formulated diets containing crystalline l ‐lysine. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (405 g kg^?1 protein, 18 kJ g^?1 gloss energy) containing fish meal together with soybean protein concentrate as protein sources and fish oil together with soybean oil as lipid sources were formulated. Crystalline l ‐lysine was added into the six diets to acquire lysine concentrations of 17.3, 21.8, 26.0, 31.3, 35.5 and 41.9 g kg^?1 dry diets, respectively. Mixture of crystalline amino acid was supplemented to simulate the amino acid profile in muscle of yellow catfish. The results indicated that final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency (PE) increased with the increase in dietary lysine level from 17.3 to 31.3 g kg^?1 of diet and then decreased as the dietary lysine levels further increased. No significant difference in survival rate was found among all the dietary treatments. One‐slope, quadratic broken‐line analysis on the basis of SGR showed that the dietary l ‐lysine requirement of juvenile yellow catfish was 33.1 g kg^?1 of dry diet (83.2 g kg^?1 of dietary protein).     

Dietary calcium requirement and effects on growth and tissue calcium content of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum concentration of dietary calcium (Ca) for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Triplicate groups of grass carp (4.52 ± 0.02 g) were fed diets containing graded levels (2.75, 4.51, 6.24, 7.99, 9.66 and 11.5 g kg^?1) of Ca for 8 weeks. Weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were linearly increased up to the 7.99 g kg^?1 dietary Ca and then maintained stable beyond this level (P < 0.05). Dietary Ca levels higher than 7.99 g kg^?1 significantly increased the ash contents of whole body, vertebrae and scales. Ca contents in whole body, vertebrae and scales were linearly increased up to the 7.99 g kg^?1 dietary Ca and then maintained stable beyond this level (P < 0.05). In contrast, dietary Ca levels higher than 9.66 g kg^?1 significantly decreased Mg contents in whole body, vertebrae and scales. Dietary Ca levels higher than 7.99 g kg^?1 significantly increased plasma alkaline phosphatase activity. However, plasma Ca, P and Mg contents were not significantly affected by dietary Ca supplements (P > 0.05). Polynomial regression analysis indicated that 10.4 g kg^?1 dietary Ca was required for maximal tissue storage and mineralization as well as optimal growth.     

Effect of dietary protein reduction with lysine and methionnine supplementation on growth performance,body composition and total ammonia nitrogen excretion of juvenile grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

A 63‐day growth trial was undertaken to estimate the effects of supplemented lysine and methionine with different dietary protein levels on growth performance and feed utilization in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Six plant‐based practical diets were prepared, and 32CP, 30CP and 28CP diets were formulated to contain 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 crude protein without lysine and methionine supplementation. In the supplementary group, lysine and methionine were added to formulate 32AA, 30AA and 28AA diets with 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 dietary crude protein, respectively, according to the whole body amino acid composition of Grass Carp. In the groups without lysine and methionine supplementation, weight gain (WG, %) and specific growth rate (SGR, % day^?1) of the fish fed 32CP diet were significantly higher than that of fish fed 30CP and 28CP diets, but no significant differences were found between 30CP‐ and 28CP‐diet treatments. WG and SGR of the fish fed 32AA and 30AA diets were significantly higher than that of fish fed 28AA diets, and the performance of grass carp was also significantly improved when fed diets with lysine and methionine supplementation (P < 0.05), and the interaction between dietary protein level and amino acid supplementation was noted between WG and SGR (P < 0.05). Feed intake (FI) was significantly increased with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05), but feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a significant decreasing trend (P < 0.05). Two days after total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration test, the values of TAN discharged by the fish 8 h after feeding were 207.1, 187.5, 170.6, 157.3, 141.3 and 128.9 mg kg^?1 body weight for fish fed 32CP, 32AA, 30CP, 30AA, 28CP and 28AA diets, respectively. TAN excretion by grass carp was reduced in plant‐based practical diets with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05). The results indicated that lysine and methionine supplementation to the plant protein sources‐based practical diets can improve growth performance and feed utilization of grass carp, and the dietary crude protein can be reduced from 320 g kg^?1 to 300 g kg^?1 through balancing amino acids profile. The positive effect was not observed at 280 g kg^?1 crude protein level.     

以大口黑鲈和大黄鱼配合饲料应用为例谈 改变鱼类营养和饲料研究范式

鱼类营养和饲料研究始于70年前并借鉴陆生动物营养研究经验形成了研究范式。在过去70年中,鱼类营养和饲料研究取得了大量的成果,这些研究成果推动了水产配合饲料技术的进步,为水产饲料产业从无到有、从小到大做出了贡献。然而,随着全球水产养殖规模的不断扩大,水产养殖发展面临的资源和环境压力日益增加,对水产饲料也提出了更高的要求。事实表明,根据一些鱼类营养和饲料研究成果所配方的饲料在养殖生产实践中往往不能取得预期的应用效果,这意味着在已有范式下取得的研究成果有时难以很好地满足现代鱼类养殖产业的需要。本文叙述了具有重要经济价值的两种肉食性鱼类大口黑鲈和大黄鱼配合饲料研发与应用的历程,指出对饲料蛋白需求的低估是限制配合饲料长期未能在大口黑鲈和大黄鱼养殖生产中应用的主要原因。早期研究报道大口黑鲈的饲料蛋白需求为400-440 g/kg,大黄鱼的饲料蛋白需求为450-470 g/kg。经过重新评估后将大口黑鲈和大黄鱼的最适饲料蛋白水平分别提高到480-510 g/kg和490-520 g/kg。在适宜的饲料蛋白水平下,投喂配合饲料的大口黑鲈和大黄鱼生长与投喂冰鲜鱼时相当。作者认为对饲料蛋白需求的低估与已有鱼类营养和饲料研究范式存在的不足有关,其表现为：（1）强调食物对鱼类生长的作用,但忽视了实验鱼遗传背景和食物以外的环境条件对生长和摄食的影响;（2）强调鱼类个体生长对评价营养需求和饲料质量的重要性,但忽视了鱼类个体生长差异并不能完全反映养殖产量和效益的事实;（3）强调生长和饲料利用效率作为鱼类营养和饲料研究评价指标的重要性,但忽视了养殖对环境和自然资源的负面影响是限制水产养殖产业可持续发展的瓶颈;（4）没有足够重视基础饲料配方在评价营养需求或饲料质量方面的影响,一些研究因基础饲料组成不当而产生没有实际意义的评价结果。针对上述问题,作者建议从概念、理论和研究方法方面对已有的范式做如下修改：（1）重视鱼类遗传背景和食物以外的环境条件对鱼类生长的影响,明确鱼类营养需求取决于其生长需求;（2）重视食物中各种营养素之间的相互作用,明确不同饲料原料在实现配方的营养平衡方面发挥着不同的作用;（3）重视对实验鱼种质和种群结构的选择,重视对照组和处理组个体生长差异的幅度对判断饲料处理效应的指示作用,重视饲料配方对渔业资源和环境等水产养殖可持续发展相关的内容的影响。经过修改后的研究范式更符合养殖生产实际,在此基础上开展研究所获得的成果也能够更好地指导配合饲料生产,为鱼类养殖产业的可持续发展提供更好的科技支撑。